Assignment 1
Part 1
Part 1
The sport I have chosen is Football.
A lot of components of fitness are needed for football. The components of football needed to achieve excellence in football are:
- CV endurance is needed for football so that you keep going for the full 90 minutes. If you can't keep going for the full game then you wont beable to keep up at the pace of the game and you can get caught out easily and wont beable to achieve excellence in football. Most proffesional footballers have very good CV endurance as there isn't many footballers who could make it into the game with poor CV endurance as it would put them at a big disadvantage to the opposition if they couldn't match them in the later stages of the game.
- Your maximum running speed is very important in football. Speed is needed throughout the game and needed at all times, on and off the ball. If your a defender and you can't keep up with the forward your marking, he's likely to get past you and score. If your a winger and don't have much speed your unlikely to get past your opposition full-back and cause problems. If your a striker and aren't faster then the opposition defender then your unlikely to score as many goals then if you had more speed. Lionel Messi is the best player in the world, and one of his main aspects is his speed as he's faster then most players in the world. He achieves excellence in football over somebody like me as his speed allows him to cause defenders all sorts of problems.
Lionel Messi's speed helps him to being the best in the world
- Agility is needed to achieve excellence in football. If your in midfield or upfront then your going to need agility, as you need to be able to change direction at speed, if your on the ball and need to get past a defender or if your trying to make a run onto the ball. Lionel Messi has a lot of agility and is able to get past defenders easily, whilst i don't have the level of agility as him and wouldn't be able to take on defender after defender which he is capable of doing. He turns past players at very high speed, and nobody can match him for his agility which helps him to achieve excellence in football over a non-league footballer.
- At times strength is needed to achieve excellence in football. A fast winger might not need much strength but a defender would need strength to achieve excellence in football. If he is committing to a crunching tackle then he needs leg power to make a strong tackle. Strength is needed in some ways for everybody during a match so they don't get pushed off the ball. Nemanja Vidic has a lot of strength and if he's marking a small striker then he'll push him off the ball.
Nemanja Vidic has a lot of strength
- Body Composition is a component of fitness needed in football to achieve excellence. Somebody who has too much body fat wont be able to compete with somebody with a low percentage of body fat. Lionel Messi has a very low percentage of body fat, which is needed to help him with speed, agility and CV endurance which a person with a bad body composition would struggle with and wouldn't be able to achieve excellence in football.
- Balance is needed to achieve excellence in football, and without it somebody who would want to be a footballer would be a disadvantage. The balance needed in football is dynamic balance and not static balance as you rarely stay in the same spot in football and you keep on moving. Lionel Messi has great balance to be able to take on players and stay on his feet whilst taking on the opposition. He doesn't have the best balance though as when faced with a strong challenge with someone with a lot of strength like Nemanja Vidic makes a tackle on him he usually loses his balance. The best example of balance in football is somebody like Frank Lampard who is able to stay on his feet over the duration of the game and keep on getting in vital tackles. Frank Lampard and Lionel Messi have a lot more balance then me which helps them to be achieve much more excellence in football.
Frank Lampard has good balance
- Co-ordination is needed to achieve excellence in football. It is what i would say is the most important component of fitness needed in football, as without a good level of it you wouldn't be able to the basic skills needed in football such as dribbling, passing and shooting. All professional footballers will have very good levels of co-ordination as it's needed in ever position.
- Another component of fitness needed in football is reaction time. Reaction time is mainly needed for goalkeepers, it is an important part of a goalkeepers game on how quickly he can react to a shot. Some players such as Alex & John Arne Risse have a lot of power in there shots so somebody with a poor reaction time wouldn't be able to get near the shot and would achieve excellence as a goalkeeper. From close range it's more important though where it's likely less then a seconds time from when the players shoots and when the ball goes in the goal and a goalkeeper with good reaction time. A goalkeeper such as Mark Schwarzer who has very good reaction time can make a save whilst somebody like me wouldn't be able to react in time to even attempt to make a save. It's also needed outfield with midfielders reading passes and being able to react to reach them, and for strikers and defenders to react to through balls quickly and get to the ball first.
Mark Schwarzer has great reaction time
An example of good reaction time in football, with a clip of David James
- The final components of fitness needed in football is flexibility. It's not needed a lot of the time, but if you have good flexibility it will help you to achieve excellence in football. Luis Nani has a lot of flexibility and is able to stretch his legs whilst running to get the ball ahead of the defender at times. His flexibility helps him to achieve excellence in football over me as i don't have anywhere near the same flexibility levels as him and he would be able to use his flexibility in certain situations during a match to his advantage.
Ranking Order:
This is the order i feel the components of fitness should be ranked, in how much i think you need the components of fitness to achieve excellence in football.
1. Co-ordination
I think that co-ordination is the most important component of fitness needed in football because it is needed in all aspects of the pitch. You can have a lot of speed and a lot of strength and have good levels of all the other components of fitness but your not going to be any good at football if you have bad levels of co-ordination.
2. Body Composition
Body Composition is another key area in football. 95% of professional footballers have very little body weight. Your unlikely to show good levels of CV endurance, speed and agility if you don't have the right type of body shop to be a footballer, and have high levels of body fat.
3. CV Endurance
CV Endurance is an important component of fitness needed in football as well. If you show good levels of all the other components of fitness needed in football, but you don't have the ability to be able to perform those components of fitness over 90 minutes, then you wont achieve as much as excellence in football then if you had good levels of CV endurance.
4. Speed
Speed is a key aspect in football and the best players in the world all have good speed and acceleration. If you have speed then it gives you an advantage over people who don't have speed, if a striker has speed to get away from the defender then it gives you a much better chance of scoring goals a lot of the time. It's not as crucial as CV endurance, body composition or co-ordination but is one of the key components of fitness needed in football.
5. Strength
Strength is important in football. If a footballer doesn't have good strength he can get knocked off the ball easily. Lionel Messi's lacking in a lot of strength, but it's not always necessary and not really needed for a winger who needs more speed, agility and balance then strength so it isn't as high up as CV endurance, speed, body composition or co-ordination.
6. Reaction Time
Reaction Time is quiet key to achieve excellence in football. If a goalkeeper has good reaction time it could help him to be a top quality goalkeeper, as you need good reaction time to make saves from close distances. It can also help outfielders, helping them to react to a pass first to get there before the opposition and earn there side possession.
7. Flexibility
Flexibility isn't a key aspect in football, but good flexibility will help you to achieve excellence in football. It's not that crucial in football though, and there wont be too much difference in the excellence achieved in football between somebody with low levels of flexibility and somebody with high levels of flexibility.
8. Agility
Agility is a key component of fitness for wingers and fast players, to help them get past players but it's not needed in all areas of the pitch. It does help goalkeepers achieve excellence in football to pull off good agile saves as well, but it's not needed in all areas of the pitch. A forward or a defender wouldn't really need any agility at all, and for them agility is not needed when they play football and that's why I've ranked reaction time and flexibility over agility.
9. Dynamic Balance
Dynamic Balance is another strong attribute for wingers, but not needed in all aspects of the pitch. Only really fast wide players need dynamic balance to keep them on there feet when there running at fast speeds and trying to take on opposition players without stumbling over to the ground. But anybody bar a winger wouldn't need dynamic balance as one of there main components of fitness when playing football.
Part 2
The sport I have chosen is football.
These are the three training methods i would recommend for somebody to achieve excellence in football:
1. Interval Training - "Old School"
The old school method of interval training is to run eight 150 meter sprints, with a 45 second rest after each sprint. Speed and acceleration are important in footballers, especially for players like Lionel Messi who needs speed to get past players. To improve on more components of fitness then just Speed and Agility you could mix up the training session. If you added poles or cones during the run, where you run around the poles or cones then you could develop some agility which is needed to achieve excellence in football. You could also improve on co-ordination if you added a ball to it, where you had to sprint whilst dribbling around the cones or poles.
2. Continuous Cross Fit Training
The continuous cross fit training would also be a good method training to help someone achieve excellence in football. It develops a lot of components of fitness, to help you be a well rounded footballer. It helps to develop mainly health related components of fitness, but it also develops skill related components of fitness and footballers need both health related and skill related components of fitness to achieve excellence in football.
1. Interval Training - "Old School"
The old school method of interval training is to run eight 150 meter sprints, with a 45 second rest after each sprint. Speed and acceleration are important in footballers, especially for players like Lionel Messi who needs speed to get past players. To improve on more components of fitness then just Speed and Agility you could mix up the training session. If you added poles or cones during the run, where you run around the poles or cones then you could develop some agility which is needed to achieve excellence in football. You could also improve on co-ordination if you added a ball to it, where you had to sprint whilst dribbling around the cones or poles.
2. Continuous Cross Fit Training
The continuous cross fit training would also be a good method training to help someone achieve excellence in football. It develops a lot of components of fitness, to help you be a well rounded footballer. It helps to develop mainly health related components of fitness, but it also develops skill related components of fitness and footballers need both health related and skill related components of fitness to achieve excellence in football.
3. 25 minute continuous run
The 25 minute continuous run can also help a footballer. Although it only develops one component of fitness, CV Endurance is vital for a footballer to be successful. It is essential for a footballer during the later stages of the match, but it's not as good as the other two training methods as they develop more components of fitness.
Assignment 1.2
Different components of fitness are needed in different positions to achieve excellence in football. The components of fitness a goalkeeper needs, and the components of fitness needed for a footballer.
Components of fitness needed for a goalkeeper: Balance, Co-Ordination, Reaction Time, Flexibility, Agility
Components of fitness needed for a striker: CV Endurance, Strength, Body Composition, Balance, Co-Ordination, Power, Speed, Flexibility
Didier Drogba training on the components of fitness that he needs during a match
Didier Drogba; Session 9 from von Grebel Motion on Vimeo.
Differences: Reaction Time, Agility (Goalkeeper only), Power/Strength, Speed, Body Composition, CV Endurance (Striker only)
A goalkeeper such as Julio Cesar needs reaction time to make saves from short distances, a shot from just a couple of yards can only really be saved with good reaction time shown by a goalkeeper. A forward will no need this, as he rarely needs to react quickly in his movements. Agility isn't really needed for a forward, and for him to score goals but it is needed by a forward like Didier Drogba. It is needed for players like Julio Cesar though who will need to make some agile saves during the match and will need to train on his agility to remain one of the worlds top goalkeepers.
A striker like Didier Drogba needs a lot more components of fitness then a goalkeeper like Julio Cesar. Didier Drogba is one of the strongest strikers around, this helps him to trouble defenders as they can't get a hold of him as he's able to push the defenders around him off the ball. Julio Cesar doesn't need any strength as a goalkeeper, as for a lot of the game he's not surrounded by the opposition so doesn't really need to use any strength. Julio Cesar as a goalkeeper doesn't need much speed as he's inside his 18 yard box for a lot of the game so he doesn't need electric speed, a striker does need speed though to get past defenders and get himself away from defenders and put himself in a much better position to score a goal. CV Endurance is not need for a goalkeeper, but it is another thing needed to achieve excellence as a forward. A forward needs to stay moving and stay fit over the 90 minutes whilst a goalkeeper is standing inside his box for a lot of the time and doesn't need high levels of CV Endurance to achieve excellence as a goalkeeper. Body Composition is another thing that a forward needs and a goalkeeper does not. Although it helps to have a low percentage of body fat as long as your agile, flexible and have good co-ordination then you can still be a successful goalkeeper. A forward however needs a low percentage of body fat so that he can stay fast, and keep up his co-ordination levels.
Despite high levels of body fat, Neville Southall achieved excellence as a goalkeeper for Wales and Everton.
A striker like Didier Drogba needs a lot more components of fitness then a goalkeeper like Julio Cesar. Didier Drogba is one of the strongest strikers around, this helps him to trouble defenders as they can't get a hold of him as he's able to push the defenders around him off the ball. Julio Cesar doesn't need any strength as a goalkeeper, as for a lot of the game he's not surrounded by the opposition so doesn't really need to use any strength. Julio Cesar as a goalkeeper doesn't need much speed as he's inside his 18 yard box for a lot of the game so he doesn't need electric speed, a striker does need speed though to get past defenders and get himself away from defenders and put himself in a much better position to score a goal. CV Endurance is not need for a goalkeeper, but it is another thing needed to achieve excellence as a forward. A forward needs to stay moving and stay fit over the 90 minutes whilst a goalkeeper is standing inside his box for a lot of the time and doesn't need high levels of CV Endurance to achieve excellence as a goalkeeper. Body Composition is another thing that a forward needs and a goalkeeper does not. Although it helps to have a low percentage of body fat as long as your agile, flexible and have good co-ordination then you can still be a successful goalkeeper. A forward however needs a low percentage of body fat so that he can stay fast, and keep up his co-ordination levels.
Similarities: Balance, Co-Ordination, Flexibility
In these similarities, the different positions need them for completely different reasons. A forward would need dynamic balance, to keep himself standing up when a defender gets tight to him, or when he's running at high speed. A goalkeeper needs a more static type of balance as he needs to keep stable when on his toes, as if he slips when preparing to make a save then he's likely to concede a goal. A forward would need co-ordination for passing and mainly shooting, but a goalkeeper needs co-ordination to make a successful diving save. Flexibility is needed in different ways as well, a goalkeeper needs flexibility to make a good flexible save to try and tip the ball around his post. A striker needs flexibility to get a strong follow through with his shots, and to be able to have the ability to do an acrobatic shot with a bicycle kick or an overhead kick.
Assignment 1.3
Part 1
Four aspects that can affect the performance of a sport are:
1. Media
This is a list of the controversial incidents that Joey Barton has been involved in:
April 2004: Leaves Eastlands Stadium before kick-off - and without manager Kevin Keegan's permission - after being left out of the team to play Southampton.
July 2004: Incites a 10-man brawl during City's pre-season friendly at Doncaster after a violent challenge on Rovers' player Paul Green. Barton is substituted for his own safety by Keegan, who says: "I don't want to stop him being tenacious, but I want him to remember what football is all about."
December 2004: Stubs a lit cigar in the eye of City youth-team player Jamie Tandy at the club Christmas party, after apparently discovering Tandy attempting to set fire to his shirt. Barton apologises and is fined six weeks' wages. Last month Tandy, now 24, revealed he was suing Barton after suffering "a major psychiatric deterioration" following the incident.
May 2005: Breaks the leg of a 35-year-old pedestrian while driving his car through central Liverpool at 2am.
June 2005: Sent home from City's pre-season tour of Thailand after a brawl in the team hotel, in which Barton slaps a teenage Everton fan and bites team-mate Richard Dunne's finger while being restrained. Fined £120,000 and ordered to seek counselling for drink and anger problems.
September 2006: Drops his shorts in front of Everton fans at Goodison Park. Merseyside Police investigate but take no action. Barton is fined £2,000 by the FA for bringing the game into disrepute.
December 2006: Causes a stir by criticising England players for publishing autobiographies after the 2006 World Cup, saying: "England did nothing in that World Cup, so why were they bringing books out? 'We got beat in the quarter-finals. I played like ****. Here's my book.' Who wants to read that?"
March 2007: Arrested on suspicion of vandalising a taxi after the driver refused to wait at a McDonald's in Liverpool. Later cleared when his cousin Joshua Wilson confesses.
April 2007: Criticises his club's performances and recruitment policy. "It just feels like this club is praying to get the right players this summer," he says. "We can't gamble on players who have scored six goals in six games in the Pontins League or in Belgium." City manager Stuart Pearce bans him from speaking to the media.
May 2007: Assaults team-mate Ousmane Dabo during a City training session. Dabo is admitted to hospital with a damaged cornea and retina in his left eye.
October 2007: Marks his Premier League debut for Newcastle by appearing to raise his foot dangerously in a challenge with Sunderland's Dickson Etuhu, an incident overlooked by the referee. Barton later apologises.
December 2007: Attacks a 16-year-old boy outside a Liverpool city centre branch of McDonalds in the early hours of the morning after drinking 10 pints and five bottles of lager.
May 2008: Jailed for six months for assault. "You drank to excess and behaved in an aggressive, disgraceful manner," says the sentencing judge.
Joey Barton being released from jail
May 2009: Sent off on his return from long-term injury for lunging into Xabi Alonso during Newcastle's 3-0 defeat to Liverpool. Suspended by the club two days later following an alleged row with manager, Alan Shearer.
Joey Barton after a tackle on Xabi Alonso
After each of these incidents, Joey Barton has been criticised in the media and it had left him having to be careful with anything he did, off and on the pitch. He was also booed whenever he did play whilst the media was on his back and this affected is ability to perform as he wasn't playing very well, and couldn't get near the Newcastle first team in 2008.
It's taken a long time for Joey Barton to be respected by opposition fans, along with the media, as he's avoided any recent incidents which has helped him on the pitch, and he's now one of Newcastle star players. He's been superb so far this season for Newcastle, and his performances after helped the media to stop criticising him which means he's more likely to keep on playing well in the next few years.
2. Injury
Michael Owen's ability to perform has been affected by injury.
Michael Owen looked like he'd be one of England's best players ever when he broke through the ranks at Liverpool, and was soon the key man for Liverpool, as everything looked like it was going to play for him. He went to Real Madrid, where he played very well alongside the likes of Raul and Ronaldo and then went back to England with Newcastle, where he looked to return to England as a star. But injury's meant that he barely played in his four years at Newcastle, and despite a shock move to Manchester United he looks like he's not going to get much first team football and there's a lot of talk of him leaving the club.
Michael Owen's Injury History:
2005:
December 31 - Breaks metatarsal bone in defeat at Tottenham and is ruled out for 'several months'.2006:
March 24 - Newcastle announce Owen requires surgery to tighten the screw inserted into his foot during the initial operation.April 29 - Makes Premiership return as a substitute against Birmingham but complains of pain afterwards and withdraws from the final game of the season.
May 13 - Carried from the field suffering concussion after collision with team-mate Matty Pattison in game with Watford.
June 20 - Injures knee in first minute of group game against Sweden in Cologne and is immediately replaced. Ruled out for at least nine months and reports suggest he may miss the entire Premiership season to follow.
2007:
September 17 - Owen is substituted early in the second half against Derby with a groin problem.
September 23 - He is passed fit to line up against West Ham but again the same injury forces him off. Club confirm the striker will undergo further scans to determine extent of the problem.
September 25 - Magpies boss Sam Allardyce reveals Owen has a 3cm tear in his abductor muscle which will sideline him for three weeks and rule him out of England's two October Euro 2008 qualifiers. He adds Owen may also require a hernia operation.
November 16 - Suffers a thigh strain during the first half of his side's 1-0 friendly win over Austria.
2009:
January 28 - Ruled out for six weeks with a cracked ankle bone sustained in the 2-1 defeat to Manchester City
2010:
February 28 - Ruled out for the rest of the season needing a hamstring operation after the League Cup FinalAll of these injuries have held back Michael Owen's career, he's not at full fitness at the moment so young strikers such as Bebe, Javier Hernandez & Federico Macheda have been given chances and they've all done really well. This means that when Michael Owen comes back to full fitness he's unlikely to get first team football. Had Michael Owen not had a series of injuries, he'd be playing and scoring goals regularly in the Premiership, but he's not having to play the majority of his game time in the reserves at Manchester United.
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/football/article-1131330/Michael-Owens-medical-history--injury-list-crocked-Newcastle-striker.html
3. Stress
Manchester City boss Roberto Mancini is currently under a lot of stress.
Roberto Mancini is under a lot of stress, as he's close to loosing his job
Manchester City owners have spent over £1 billion in total so far in trying to make Manchester City a club that will challenge for the title, but boss Roberto Mancini faces losing his job as he's not meeting the demands of the owners on the pitch. He's starting to loose the players trust, and doesn't really have the respect of the players. He lost Steven Ireland and Craig Bellamy in the summer, as he didn't got on with them and they've missed Bellamy a lot with no real extra pace on the wings.
After spending over £150 million on players, he's only added very few to the team so far this season whilst losing the goals of Craig Bellamy. The only real successful buy has been James Milner, whilst Balotelli is very inconsistant and at times a liability for Manchester City. He'll want more from Yaya Toure, David Silva and Aleksandr Kolarov as they've been poor so far which isn't going to help his cause to keep his job.
Manchester City owner Sheik Mansour (left) is expecting a good season
http://i.telegraph.co.uk/multimedia/archive/01701/Sheikh_Mansour_1701677c.jpg
http://i.telegraph.co.uk/multimedia/archive/01701/Sheikh_Mansour_1701677c.jpg
He seems to fallen out with Manchester City star Carlos Tevez, according to reports, and the new owners are looking for a bigger name to replace him and guide Manchester City to some success in the near future. This puts Mancini under a lot of pressure, as he knows that if he's not careful he'll be sacked and will be looking for a new job. This affects his ability to manage Manchester City.
Roberto Mancini is under a lot of pressure as he didn't have the respect of all of his players.
4. Diet
Arsene Wenger makes sure all his Arsenal players are on a good diet, so that his players don't tire during the match. Any players out of shape generally loose weight, such as winger Andrei Arshavin who is overweight for a footballer. This means that the Arsenal players performances will be affected in a good way in the second half of football matches, as they'll be able to keep up a good work rate and this means that they can take more of an advantage of a game in the second half and pick up more points over the course of a season, down to hard work at the end of matches whilst there opponents will tire.
Arsenal players diet, (source: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/93149.stm)
First Course:
- Crudites of raw carrot and celery
Main Course:
- Boiled fish or chicken, mashed potato, boiled vegetables
Pudding:
- Apple pie - strictly nothing with it.
On the negative side of a players diet, if you have a bad diet and become overweight.
But Andy Reid decided to loose that weight after realising that things were going wrong at the end of last season, and lost two stone in the process. He's had to join Sheffield United on loan to get some first team football with the manager Steve Bruce no longer really rating him, despite the weight he lost though. He'd certainly be playing Premiersip football on a regular of basis had he not been on a bad diet in the first place.
Assignment 1.4
The four fitness tests we're doing are 35m sprint, sit up test, sit and reach and bleep test.
Test Procedures
Test 1 - 35m Sprint (Tests Speed)
1. Place the marker thirty-five metres from the starting line. When your assistant is ready to begin timing, get into a ready position and wait for them to give you a signal to go.
2. Run as fast as you possibly can to the end of the marking and have your time recorded.
3. Repeat this process for three more trials and then use the best time you achieved.
4. Note that you should be taking a good rest in between trials to let the body fully recover so you can go at max effort once again.
http://www.brianmac.co.uk/speedtest.htm
1. Place the marker thirty-five metres from the starting line. When your assistant is ready to begin timing, get into a ready position and wait for them to give you a signal to go.
2. Run as fast as you possibly can to the end of the marking and have your time recorded.
3. Repeat this process for three more trials and then use the best time you achieved.
4. Note that you should be taking a good rest in between trials to let the body fully recover so you can go at max effort once again.
http://www.brianmac.co.uk/speedtest.htm
Test 2 - Sit and Reach Test (Tests Flexibility)
1. The athlete sits on the floor with shoes removed, feet flat against the table, and legs out straight.
2. The athlete reaches forward along the table as far as possible
3. Assistance records the distance fro the finger tips to the edge of the table.
4. The test is repeated two more times, the greatest distance is recorded
http://www.brianmac.co.uk/sitreach.htm
1. The athlete sits on the floor with shoes removed, feet flat against the table, and legs out straight.
2. The athlete reaches forward along the table as far as possible
3. Assistance records the distance fro the finger tips to the edge of the table.
4. The test is repeated two more times, the greatest distance is recorded
http://www.brianmac.co.uk/sitreach.htm
Test 3 - Sit ups Test (Tests Muscular Endurance)
1. Athlete lies on the mat with the knees bent and feet flat on the floor
2. Athlete folds there arms across their chest
3. Assistant can hold the athlete's feet on the ground
4. Athlete sits up to the 90 degree position and then returns to the floor
5. Assistant records the number of sit-ups completed in one minute
http://www.brianmac.co.uk/situptst.htm
1. Athlete lies on the mat with the knees bent and feet flat on the floor
2. Athlete folds there arms across their chest
3. Assistant can hold the athlete's feet on the ground
4. Athlete sits up to the 90 degree position and then returns to the floor
5. Assistant records the number of sit-ups completed in one minute
http://www.brianmac.co.uk/situptst.htm
Test 4 - Bleep Test (Tests C/V Endurance)
1. Mark out 20m and lay out and mark each end with cones
2. The athlete runs from one end to the other when they here a beep, they need to reach the other end before the second beep
3. The athlete keeps on running with the bleeps until he/she can't reach the other end of the cones before the bleep
4. The athlete is allowed two or three shuttles to try and regain to the pace of the bleeps, if he/she can't keep up with the bleeps then he/she is withdrawn
5. The assistant records the level and number of shuttles run by the athlete
http://www.brianmac.co.uk/beep.htm
If you opt to do the tests, you will need to be able to do the following without suffering as a result:
i) Sprint 35 metres - testing speed
ii) Sit and reach test - testing flexibility
iii) Bleep test - testing c/v endurance
iv) Sit-ups test - testing muscular endurance
Do you know of any reason on why you wouldn't be able to do any of these four tests? Yes/No
If yes, then you should re-consider doing the test.
1. Mark out 20m and lay out and mark each end with cones
2. The athlete runs from one end to the other when they here a beep, they need to reach the other end before the second beep
3. The athlete keeps on running with the bleeps until he/she can't reach the other end of the cones before the bleep
4. The athlete is allowed two or three shuttles to try and regain to the pace of the bleeps, if he/she can't keep up with the bleeps then he/she is withdrawn
5. The assistant records the level and number of shuttles run by the athlete
http://www.brianmac.co.uk/beep.htm
PAQR
If you opt to do the tests, you will need to be able to do the following without suffering as a result:
i) Sprint 35 metres - testing speed
ii) Sit and reach test - testing flexibility
iii) Bleep test - testing c/v endurance
iv) Sit-ups test - testing muscular endurance
Do you know of any reason on why you wouldn't be able to do any of these four tests? Yes/No
If yes, then you should re-consider doing the test.
1. Have you had surgery in the past 6 months? Yes/No
2. Do you suffer from a bone or joint problem, such as arthritis, that might be made worse through exercise? Yes/No
3. Do you have high blood pressure? Yes/No
4. Do you have low blood pressure? Yes/No
5. Are you, or is there any possibility you might be pregnant? Yes/No
6. Do you suffer from diabetes? Yes/No
7. Do you suffer from a heart problem, or will there be a higher risk of having a heart attack during the test? Yes/No
8. Do you smoke? Yes/No
9. Do drink more then the average amount of alcohol per week (21 units for men, and 14 units for women)? Yes/No
10. Have you had chest pain, when you were not doing physical activity? Yes/No
11. Do you take any medication that would affect your ability to do the test? Yes/No
12. Do you suffer from Asthma? Yes/No
12. Do you suffer from Asthma? Yes/No
13. Do you know any other reason why you should not do the test? Yes/No
www.steve-haywood.com/parq-form-physical-activity-readiness-questionnaire/24/
www.steve-haywood.com/parq-form-physical-activity-readiness-questionnaire/24/
If you have said yes to one or more of these questions, then you please give details ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Assessment of Risk
If you are happy to do the test, and are confident you will avoid injury or health problems in the doing the test, then sign below.
Participant Signature: ________________________________ Date: ____________
Assessors Signature: ________________________________ Date: ____________
Testing
The first thing we did when testing Miss James, is to give her the PAQR form. She went through the form and there was no reason why she couldn't do the test, so we went ahead with the four tests. After doing a warm up to prevent injury we did the four tests.
The first of the four tests we did was the Illinois agility run, i went through the circuit she needed to do whilst Cameron did a demo of the test circuit. We explained that the test tested speed, and that we were unable to do the run due to the icy surface on the grass outside. She did the run three times, and her best score was 15.27 seconds which was recorded as your result for the test.
The second test she did was the sit and reach test, i filmed Cameron as he went through the test so that she knew what to do and he explained that the test tested flexibility. She tried it three times, and her best result of 29 seconds was recorded.
The third test was the sit ups test, Cameron filmed me as i went through the test and explained that it tested her muscular endurance and how to do the test correctly. As she was doing the test i stood on her feet, and she recorded 29 sit ups in the one minute during the test.
The final test she did was the bleep test. Cameron went through the test with her, telling her what beeps to go at, and that to keep a steady pace at the start of the test as well as telling her that the bleep test tested her c/v endurance. She recorded 3.4 as her test result, as she completed three levels and four shuttles as i recorded after every shuttle.
Name: Miss James Date: 7th December 2010
Name of Test | Best Score |
Illinois Agility Run | 15.27 seconds |
Sit Ups Test | 29 reps |
Sit and Reach Test | 26 cm |
Bleep Test | 3.4 |
My Results
Name: Aidan Radford Date: 6th June 2011
Name of Test | Best Score |
35m sprint | 7.4 seconds |
Sit Ups Test | 35 reps |
Sit and Reach Test | 11cm |
Bleep Test | 9.5 |
Assignment 1.5
Analysing and Interpreting data
Comparing results to other teachers
These results can tell us how Miss James results compare with other teachers results.
Comparing results to other teachers
These results can tell us how Miss James results compare with other teachers results.
In the Illinois agility run, the graph shows us that Miss James got the best time of all four teachers in this test, as she got the lowest time of 15.27 seconds. This tells us that her agility level is higher then the other teachers and that she showed good agility levels when doing the test. She doesn't need to train on her agility as it is already very good and doesn't need to be improved on, although maintaining her agility with training could help.
In the bleep test, the graph shows us that Miss James score of 3.4 is considerably lower then the scores of the other teachers who did the bleep test. She had the lowest scores of the four teachers in this test and the main area she needs to improve on her fitness in is on her c/v endurance. She can improve her c/v endurance by doing some continuous training or interval training to improve on her bleep test score if she does the test again.
In the maximum abdominal curl test, Miss James scored 29 reps in a minute which is around the same as Mrs Gardner's score in the test. She doesn't really need to improve on her muscular endurance as she didn't score significantly lower then the other teachers like she did on the bleep test. She could still improve on her maximum abdominal score by practising doing sit ups but it isn't necessary as she got a relatively good score compared to the other teachers who did the maximum abdominal curl test.
In the sit and reach test, Miss James got a good score of 26 cm's. She didn't have the best score in this test out of the teachers who did the sit and reach test, but she still got a higher score then Mr Charles and her flexibility test was one of her better scores. She doesn't need to improve on her flexibility although PNF stretching would help her to get a higher score in the sit and reach test if she did the test again.
Comparing results to Normal data
This is how Miss James results compare to the normal results for a 29 year old female.
With this graph we can see that Miss James did far better then the expected score for her age and gender. She was expected to get a time of 18 seconds, but she managed to get a time of 15.27 seconds which shows that she has good levels of agility. She doesn't need to improve on her agility as from the tests we can see that this is clearly her best component of fitness as we can see it is better then the normative data and the results achieved by other teachers.
From this graph we can see that Miss James achieved a higher score then the expected data for her age and gender in the maximum abdominal curl test. Miss James achieved a score of 29 reps and her expected score was 25 reps. This shows that her muscular endurance is one of her strongest components of fitness and that she doesn't need to focus on improving on her muscular endurance to improve the score, although we can see it's not her best components of fitness as she didn't compare as well with the other teachers.
From this graph we can see that Miss James got a lower score then expected in the sit and reach test, as she got a lower score then the normative data for her age and gender. She scored 26 cm's and she was expected to score 28cm's, as even though she did lower then expected she didn't score much lower then the expected score for her age and gender. Flexibility isn't the main component of fitness that she needs to improve on, but she might want to use PNF stretching to help to improve her flexibility and score a better score in the sit and reach test the next time she does the test to get a higher or the same score as the normative data.
From this graph we can see that Miss James scored much lower then the normative data for the bleep test. She scored level 3 and 4 shuttles, and the average for her age and gender was level 6. From this graph we can see that her score was significantly lower then the normative data and that if she needs to improve on any component of fitness she needs to improve on C/V endurance. She can improve on her C/V endurance by doing different types of circuit training or interval training so that if she does the bleep test she can improve on her score and get closer to or to beat the normative data.
Comparing my results to national data
By looking at published data, you can see that my sit and reach test score is below poor. This shows that my levels of flexibility are lower then they should be, i can improve on this by doing training methods like PNF stretching which would improve my levels of flexbility which would help me to get a better score in the test and above a poor score.
BTEC Sport - Sit and Reach test from Aidan Radford on Vimeo.
The published data shows that my result is an average score. It isn't a good score, but it is above a fair score. This shows that although my levels of muscular endurance aren't very good, it's not my weakest component of fitness and not an area of my fitness that i need to train on specifically. If i did want to improve on my muscular endurance then doing things like interval training where you are using muscles for a long period of time.
BTEC Sport - 35m sprint from Aidan Radford on Vimeo.
This published date shows this score was better than an average score. This shows that although my levels of cv endurance aren't very good, it isn't an area of my fitness that i need to work on specifically. If i wanted to improve on my cv endurance then i would to cv endurance training such as interval training, cross fit training or a 25 minutes continuous run.
This shows that my result is worse than a poor result. This shows us that i may need to work on my sprinting as it is an area of my fitness that is poorer then the other areas. To improve my speed i would use training like speed interval training which would help the speed of my running, i would also work on the technique of my sprinting which would improve my time.
Assignment 1.6
Part 1
Anxiety is one of the five physchological factors in sport. It can affect the way you can perform in sport and you can suffer from nerves, lack of confidence and a lack of concentration if you are anxious when playing sport.
"Anxiety - a negative form of stress. Can reduce a sport performer's level of confidence and concentration. Expectations of success are also reduced and the performer experienced a greater fear of failure"
Page 11, BTEC Sport level 2 textbook
"There are two main types of anxiety.
- State anxiety is a type of anxiety that can occur when a performer is placed in a constantly changing situation. A sprinter may become anxious just before the start of a race as they are waiting for the starter's orders. The performer can experience somatic and cognitive anxiety during this period. However, anxiety reduces when they hear the start shout 'on your marks', and the sprinter settle into their blocks.
- Trait anxiety relates to characteristics which a sports performer has which makes them react to certain situations in specific ways."
Page 28, BTEC Sport level 2 textbook
Arousal is another of the physchological factors in sport. Arousal is the readiness for sport before you perform,. if you are too pumped up before a game or not pumped up enough before a game then you are less likely to perform well in sports that aren't very physical like football. In physical sports like Rugby the level of arousal needs to be higher as the sport is more intense.
"Arousal is the increased start of readiness of a sport performer in preparation for the performance or activity. To perform well, it is important that arousal levels are maintained at an optimal level."
Page 28, BTEC Sport level 2 textbook
Concentration is a physchological factor in sport. Some one's levels of concentration in sport is how focused they are on the game that they are playing.
"Concentration is the ability of a sport performer to process information and maintain focus.
To process information, a sports performer has to make sense of the information they are presented with and decide on the cause of action to take. If a performer becomes overloaded with information it can negatively affect there performance."
Page 29, BTEC Sport level 2 textbook
Motivation is a physchological factor in sport. A sports man or women's motivation in sport is what motivates them to do well in sport. If you have a good motivator in sport then it can improve on your performance in sport.
"Motivation is the external stimulus and internal mechanisms which arouse and direct our behaviour. There are are two categories of need which motivate us:
- Intrinsic motivation is the desire to challenge yourself and the enjoyment gained from sports participation and your sporting achievements.
- Exterinsic motivation relates to receiving external awards such as praise from your sports coach or winning a trophy."
Page 28, BTEC Sport level 2 textbook
Personality is another physchological factor in sport. Personality is the characteristics of a person which can determine how they perform.
"Personality is the individual, unique characteristics or traits of a person, which determine behaviour.
Personality is unique to unique to an individual, and sports performers should be aware of how their own personality could affect sports training and performance. Personality type can be determined by using a questionnaire. Sports coaches should treat performers differently according to their personality type and appropriate steps can be taken by the performer to prevent performance from being affected."
Page 29, BTEC Sport level 2 textbook
Personality is another physchological factor in sport. Personality is the characteristics of a person which can determine how they perform.
"Personality is the individual, unique characteristics or traits of a person, which determine behaviour.
Personality is unique to unique to an individual, and sports performers should be aware of how their own personality could affect sports training and performance. Personality type can be determined by using a questionnaire. Sports coaches should treat performers differently according to their personality type and appropriate steps can be taken by the performer to prevent performance from being affected."
Page 29, BTEC Sport level 2 textbook
Part 2
Anxiety in sport affects the way sports performers perform during a game. If you suffer from anxiety during sport you suffer from nerves, lack of confidence and a lack of concentration when playing sport. If you do have a lack of nerves, confidence or concentration in sport you are less likely to perform like you usually would when playing your sport. If you are under a lot of pressure like if your kicking a drop goal in rugby late on, or have a penalty in football then you can suffer from anxiety and feel nervous and you may be unable to score the penalty or kick the drop goal which would normally be a pretty simple thing for you to do if you weren't suffering from anxiety. When you are anxious you might well be less confident in your own abilities as well and you might have less trust in your own ability to play sport when under pressure.When you are anxious you may also suffer from a lack of concentration during sport. You might be thinking away from trying to win the game, and instead by thinking of what would happen if you lose the game or if you make a mistake or if you miss a penalty under pressure which doesn't help you if your thinking negatively during a situation where you are under pressure such as in a penalty shoot out.
An example of sportsmen who suffered from anxiety is the England football team. They've been in three penalty shoot-outs in the world cup since penalty shoot-outs were introduced and have lost all three. Some of the England players were too nervous going into the shoot-outs whilst other teams tend to be able to avoid nerves and are able to beat England in penalty shoot-outs. Now whenever England are in a penalty shoot-out they feel a lot more pressure then the other team as a lot of the country are desperate to end the penalty shoot-out horror from the past with a penalty shoot-out win. Players like Frank Lampard and Steven Gerrard who have great penalty records for there clubs are unable to do the same for there country and both missed penalties in England's most recent penalty shoot-out defeat to Portugal in the 2006 World Cup. This shows that there seems to be a lot more pressure on them in penalty shoot-outs for there countries and they can't quiet seem to take penalties like they would do for there club.
England football teams World Cup penalty shoot-out history
World Cup 1990 v Germany (Semi Final). Misses from Stuart Pearce and Chris Waddle
World Cup 1998 v Argentina (2nd Round). Misses from Paul Ince and David Batty
World Cup 2006 v Portugal (Quarter Final). Misses from Fran Lampard, Steven Gerrard and Jamie Carragher.
A sports performer who doesn't seem to suffer from nerves or anxiety is Frank Lampard. Although he missed in England's penalty shootout defeat to Portugal for England, when taking penalties at Chelsea Frank Lampard is spotless and has scored more or less every penalty he's taken whilst at Chelsea and is one of the best penalty takers in world football. His record of penalties just keeps on improving with everyone he takes, and he gains more and more confidence which everyone he takes so he's less likely to suffer from nerves or anxiety when taking a penalty. Even when he's taking a crucial penalty whilst playing for Chelsea, he just doesn't miss and even though Didier Drogba has scored every penalty he's taken at Chelsea he isn't able to take penalties on a regular basis as Frank Lampard is just so good at them. He went three years without missing a penalty from 2006 to 2009 before finally a penalty of his was save by Joe Hart, but he still keeps on scoring penalties and is probably the worlds best penalty taker.
Arousal can also affect sport performers during a game. Arousal is the readiness of the performer before competition, if the arousal levels or too high then a sport performer is less likely to perform well. Performers can control there arousal levels before competition, if they are psyching themselves up before playing sport then they could be too ready and when playing they could be angry or aggressive. If somebody is too psyched up for competition they could go in for a challenge they shouldn't be going into and could be shown a red card. Arousal needs to be controlled in order to avoid being to aggressive early on in the match and being shown a red card by not being over-ready before competition.
An example of sportsmen who are known for psyching themselves up before a game is the New Zealand rugby team. Before every game they do the haka, where they try and wind up the opposition. This means that there arousal levels are very high before a game, but in a game like rugby they do need to be high as it's a physical game and you need to be prepared to make big tackles during the game. By doing this though they are affecting the opposition who might be distracted and lose concentration and what they need to do to win, or they might by anxious as it will be intimidating and they will be nervous going into a game against New Zealand as they are a very good team. So often when they are doing the haka they are gaining an advantage by intimidating there opponents whilst also raising there readiness for competition, although if they are to psyched up then they might go in for a bad tackle and get shown a yellow card which is going to have a negative affect on there performance.
Confidence is another factor that can affect a sport performer during sport. Being low on confidence and believing less in your ability can play a massive factor on your performance. When you are low on confidence you often think negatively and fear failure or fear making a mistake which can lead to you making a mistake. Also if you are low on confidence then you are less likely to try and score from range whilst somebody who is confident might try and score from range and manage to succeed and score. Also in pressured situations such as when taking a penalty, somebody with confidence can put themselves forward to take a penalty and have a chance at scoring, whilst somebody who doesn't have confidence is more likely to just leave somebody else to take the penalty.
Lee Trundle is a player who has a lot of confidence. Lee Trundle is now at Neath in the Welsh Premier League but when he was at Swansea and at his prime he was a player that often did lots of skills and tricks during the match. He also had confidence in front of goal and scored at least 20 goals in all of his five seasons at Swansea and has more confidence then most players at the level he was playing at in his prime. He has lots of confidence in his ability and as a result he was able to become one of the best tricksters in Britain and become a £1 million player when left Swansea. Had he not had the confidence in front of goal or with his tricks the he wouldn't have got to the level of football he was playing at, and probably would have stayed at the level he was playing at before joining Swansea.
Motivation can affect sport performers when playing sport. You need to be motivated in the right way to succeed in sport. If you don't particularly want to do well in sport, or if you want to do well but for the wrong reasons then it can affect your performance. If you don't want to succeed in sport then you might not give your all in matches or in training, if you don't try your best in training then you might not get picked on match days and if you don't try your best in matches and don't play well then your less likely to do well when playing. If you want to do well in sport for the wrong reasons, such as for glory then you might try and do everything by yourself to impress your coach but in doing so you might not pass it to team mates when you really should be passing and you may well lose possession for your team. By having the right motivation to do well, such as wanting the team to do well can help your performance as you will try your best to help the team and want to do well in sport.
Somebody who has good motivation in football is Ryan Giggs. Ryan Giggs has been playing for Manchester United since the Premier League was formed in 1992 and whilst in modern football players go through plenty of teams before retiring, Giggs has stayed at Manchester United throughout his career. As Giggs has been one of the best players in the world at his peak he would have had chances to leave Manchester United for other big clubs who would have offered more money for him but he has stayed at Manchester United throughout his career. His motivation isn't with money, like a lot of modern footballers but instead it's with winning trophies at Manchester United. At Manchester United he's managed to win 11 Premier League titles, 4 FA Cups, 4 League Cups, 8 Community Shields, 2 Champions Leagues, 1 EUFA Super Cup, 1 Intercontinental Cup & 1 Fifa Club world Cup. A massive trophy cabinet for someone who is still playing at Manchester United and playing regularly for Manchester United as well as being one of the main players at the club.
Somebody who had bad motivation in football is Wayne Rooney. He's been at Manchester United ever since leaving Everton for them in 2004, but in November he wanted out of Manchester United and would have got a huge pay rise had Manchester City come in for him in the January transfer window. He stayed at Manchester United in the end signing a new contract at the club, but only after a massive pay rise was given to him. He's been playing badly all season though and only has six goals to his name and a lot of the time when he's been playing for Manchester United he's been looking frustrated as the goals just wont come for Rooney. He's still earning a lot of money though despite not playing well and whilst Dimitar Berbatov and Luis Nani have been the key players for Manchester United he's the one earning a lot more money then his team mates. When he wanted to leave Manchester United he lost a lot of faith from the fans as well as in the dressing room from the players like Ryan Giggs and Paul Scholes who have been at Manchester United all of there careers. He's generally been playing poor all season though whilst players who are just looking to win trophies at the club are playing well and it seems to be that he does not have the right motivation to do well at Manchester United at the moment and needs to change his motivation to succeed in football if he's going to start scoring goals and playing well again.
Personality is the other factor which can affect sports performers during sports competition. The characteristics of somebody can affect how sport performers perform during sport. If somebody is a quiet person then they are less likely to interact during a game and call for the ball, or be the teams captain and they need to work on there call for the ball during the game and less likely to get on the ball and get into the first team on a regular basis. If somebody is an aggressive person then during the game if they get wound up by the opposition then they could go in for a bad tackle and get sent off, so they'd need to control there aggression during a game and try and avoid being wound up by the opposition during a game. If somebody is a confident person then they are more likely to call for the ball during the game and try and get involved as much as possible, and will be louder during the game which could possibly mean they could become the teams captain.
An example of somebody who's personality affects the way they perform is Joey Barton. Barton is an aggressive person, who has been in trouble of the pitch and has spent time in jail and he often shows his aggression on the pitch and although he has now focused on playing the best he can for Newcastle, he does occasionally show aggression on the pitch and it can get him sent off which will affect his performance. In 2008, Barton was given a jail sentence after assault in the city of Manchester back in early 2007 and has since got in a lot of trouble on the pitch following this. Since he was arrested for assault he has assaulted team-mate Ousmane Dabo in a training session and eventually forcing Dabo to leave England and Manchester City as a result. He missed most of the 2008/2009 season in which Newcastle got relegated, but in his return he was shown a red card after an awful tackle on Xabi Alonso and two days later he was suspended by the club which clearly affected his ability to be able to play to the best of his ability. He seemed to have managed to get his act together as he's been playing very well as one of Newcastle's best player this season, but has shown the occasional bad tackle as well as punching Morten Gamst Pederson in a fixture between Newcastle and Blackburn early on this season. Barton does seem to be able to avoid controversy more often but he still does do things that his fellow team-mates wouldn't do, on and off the pitch. Had he been able to control his aggression and anger on the pitch then he would have been able to play at his current level throughout his career and would have probably been able to try and get his way into the England team, which doesn't look like happening because of the controversy he has caused at Manchester City and at Newcastle.
Good use of videos and pictures to help desribe the text. And the text was very detailed.
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